8.1.1. Interphase

Interphase

The interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle, and is the period of time that elapses between two successive mitosis. Although the cell is not dividing, there is great metabolic activity, the cell grows and duplicates its genetic material, preparing for cell division. It consists of three phases

G₁ (Gap 1). After the cell has divided, the G₁ phase is a stage of cell growth and duplication of organelles and cytoplasmic structures.

In the G₁ phase, as in the rest of the interphase, transcription and translation (protein synthesis) take place. It is the most variable period of the cell cycle. DNA synthesis does not occur

In the G₁ phase, the cell has intense biochemical activity, increases its size and duplicates its enzymes, ribosomes, mitochondria and other molecules and cytoplasmic structures. The organelles and membranous structures such as the Golgi apparatus, karyotheca, lysosomes, ... come from the endoplasmic reticulum. Others, such as mitochondria and plastids, will be created from other pre-existing ones.

During the G₁ phase, some cells become blocked, stop dividing and enter the G₀ phase, in which they undergo a series of transformations that lead to cell differentiation. The cell specializes and expresses the genes that allow it to develop its activity in a tissue. Cells that are in the G₀ phase for their entire lives are in a state of rest or quiescence. In some cases, such as neurons and red blood cells, they are so specialized that they have lost their ability to divide cells.

There is a restriction point (R point) or point of no return, at the end of G₁, in which the cell that has reached this point, has to follow the S, G₂ and M phases.

If the cell is of adequate size, has nutrients and reproduction is necessary, it will go into the S phase.
If nutrients are lacking or contact inhibition occurs, the cell does not divide and will not enter the S phase.

Sometimes a cell escapes the normal controls of cell division and death. When that cell begins to proliferate, reproducing in an uncontrolled way, the pathology of cancer begins. This overgrowth can lead to the formation of a mass of cells called a tumor.

If a cancer cell can stay in G₀ phase, without further dividing, it will have achieved a great triumph against cancer.

S phase (S of DNA synthesis). After the cell has increased in size by G₁, the cell has to continue preparing for cell division. In this phase, it duplicates its genetic material, so that each daughter cell has an identical copy of the cell's chromosomes (sister chromatids linked by a centromere). In addition to DNA replication, the synthesis of histone proteins and other chromosomal proteins also occurs, which bind to the newly formed DNA.

In the S phase, the two centrioles also double. The two centrioles separate and a child centriole grows perpendicular to it.

During the synthesis phase, the number of chromosomes does not increase. DNA replicates (duplicates) and each chromosome has two identical chromatids (sister chromatids) so that the chromosomes are double, but the number does not change.

G₂ (gap 2)It begins when DNA synthesis ends (S Phase) and ends when DNA condenses and chromosomes appear. The RNA necessary to synthesize the proteins involved in mitosis, such as mitotic spindle tubulin, is transcribed and translated.

In this phase, the cell finishes preparing for mitosis. It has twice as much DNA as G₁, so it is ready to divide. If the cell has correctly replicated DNA and the cell size is adequate, the cell will go into M phase.

As cells that are in the G₁ phase have half the DNA of those in the G₂ phase, we can know what phase the cell is in, just by knowing the amount of DNA.

When the interphase is over, the M stage will begin, where the cells will divide and divide their genetic (mitosis) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) material between the two daughter cells. Then phase G₁ would begin again.

During the G₀, G₁, S and G₂ phases, the cell nucleus is called the interphase nucleus, but during the M phase the nucleus disintegrates, and the chromosomes become visible.

The number of divisions of a cell is limited, since it is necessary for the correct functioning of the organism. This is called apoptosis or programmed cell death. When it takes about 50 divisions, the cell enters the G₀ phase, in a state of senescence. Later, programmed cell death or apoptosis will arrive.

The senescence and apoptosis are necessary for the body to function properly.

Animation: The cell cycle.

Questions that have come out in University entrance exams (Selectividad, EBAU, EvAU)

Aragon. June 2007, option A. Question 3 .- (2 points).

Answer the following questions: What is a chromosome? How is it related to chromatin? What is the reason for talking about "sister" chromatids? When do sister chromatids form? Is there a situation where sister chromatids can be different?

Castilla y León, July 2018, option B, question 2.

In relation to the cell cycle:

a) At what stage of the cell cycle does the G₂ phase take place? What is the fundamental process that occurs in the G₂ phase? What is the DNA content for a diploid cell in G₂ phase? (0.75)

b) Indicate the differences between the different types of chromatin that can be found in interphase. (0.5)

c) In what phase of meiosis does chiasm formation and gene recombination take place? State the difference between anaphase I and II of meiosis. (0.5)

Madrid, June 2016, option B, question 3.

Regarding the cell cycle in an animal cell:

a) Explain the variation in the amount of DNA in a somatic cell throughout the cell cycle (1 point).
b) Define haploid and diploid cells (0.5 points).
c) Explain what the G₀ phase of the cell cycle consists of (0.5 points).

Valencian Community, July 2019, option B, block 3, question 6

A cell in interphase (G1 period) has a total content of nuclear DNA of 4 x 10 ^-6 g, distributed in 6 chromatids:

a) What will be the DNA content in the G2 stage of its cycle? Reason for the answer;

b) How many chromatids will it have in stage G₂? Give reasons for the answer (2 marks).

Navarra, June 2020, option A, option A, question 4

A cell spends most of its time in interphase.

a) Explain the three stages that can be distinguished in this phase.

b) Explain what happens if the cell enters phase G₀ .

Fundamental ideas about the interphace

The interphace

It is the longest stage of the cell cycle.
It has three phases:
- Phase G₁.
  - Cell growth.
  - Organelle duplication.
  - Some enter phase G₀:
    - State of rest or quiescence.
    - Cell differentiation.
    - It does not follow the cell cycle.
- S phase.
  - DNA synthesis. DNA replication.
  - The two centrioles are duplicated.
- Phase G₂.
  - The cell prepares for cell division.
  - DNA is transcribed and the proteins necessary to form the mitotic spindle and for cell division are formed.
  - The amount of DNA is 4n.

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Skip navigation Biology 2nd Baccalaureate Biology 2nd Bac. 1. Bioelements and biomolecules. Water and mineral salts 1.1. Chemical bonds in biology 1.1.1. Intramolecular bonds 1.1.1.1. Covalent bond 1.1.1.2. Ionic bond 1.1.2. Intermolecular bonds 1.1.2.1. Van der Waals forces 1.1.2.2. Hydrogen bonds 1.2. The chemical basis of life: inorganic and organic components 1.2.1. Primary bioelements 1.2.2. Secondary bioelements 1.2.3. Trace elements 1.3. The immediate principles or biomolecules 1.3.1. Water 1.3.1.1. Chemical structure of water 1.3.1.2. Properties and functions of water 1.3.2. Mineral salts 1.3.2.1. Functions of salts in solution 1.3.2.2. Colloidal solutions and dispersions 1.3.2.3. Properties of colloidal dispersions 1.3.2.4. Diffusion, osmosis and dialysis 1.3.2.4.1. Diffusion 1.3.2.4.2. Osmosis 1.3.2.4.3. Dialysis 1.4. Bibliography 2. Glucides 2.1. Glucid concept 2.2. Classification of carbohydrates 2.3. Monosaccharides 2.3.1. Trioses 2.3.1.1. Spatial isomerism or stereoisomerism 2.3.2. Tetroses 2.3.3. Pentoses 2.3.3.1. Monosaccharide cyclization 2.3.4. Hexoses 2.4. The N-glucosidic and O-glucosidic bonds 2.4.1. Substances derived from monosaccharides 2.5. Disaccharides 2.6. Polysaccharides 2.6.1. Homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.1. Reserve homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.2. Structural homopolysaccharides 2.6.2. Heteropolysaccharides 2.6.3. Heterosides 2.7. General functions of glucides 2.8. Bibliography 3. Lipids 3.1. Lipid concept 3.2. Classification of lipids 3.2.1. Fatty acids 3.2.1.1. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 3.2.1.2. Chemical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.3. Physical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.4. Fatty Acid Functions 3.2.2. Saponifiable lipids or with fatty acids 3.2.2.1. Simple lipids 3.2.2.1.1. Acylglycerides 3.2.2.1.2. Cerides 3.2.2.2. Complex lipids 3.2.2.2.1. Phospholipids 3.2.2.2.2. Glycolipids 3.2.3. Unsaponifiable lipids or without fatty acids 3.3. Lipid functions 3.4. Bibliography 4. Proteins 4.1. Introduction to proteins 4.2. Amino acids 4.2.1. Classification of amino acids 4.2.2. Properties of amino acids 4.3. The peptide bond 4.4. Protein 4.4.1. Protein structure 4.4.1.1. Primary structure of proteins 4.4.1.2. Secondary structure of proteins 4.4.1.3. Tertiary structure of proteins 4.4.1.4. Quaternary structure of proteins 4.4.2. Protein properties 4.4.3. Classification of proteins 4.4.3.1. Holoproteins 4.4.3.2. Heteroproteins 4.4.4. Protein functions 4.5. Enzymes 4.5.1. Structure of enzymes 4.5.2. The active center of enzymes 4.5.3. General Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 4.5.4. Regulation of enzyme activity 4.5.5. Allosteric enzymes 4.5.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes 4.6. The vitamins 4.6.1. Fat-soluble vitamins 4.6.2. Water soluble vitamins 4.7. Bibliography 5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids 5.1. The chemical composition of nucleic acids 5.1.1. Components of nucleic acids 5.1.2. Concept, types and functions of nucleic acids 5.1.3. Nucleosides 5.1.4. Nucleotides 5.1.4.1. Nucleotide functions 5.1.5. Nucleic acids 5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 5.2.1. DNA structure 5.2.1.1. Primary structure of DNA 5.2.1.2. Secondary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3. Tertiary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3.1. Tertiary structure of DNA in prokaryotes 5.2.1.3.2. Tertiary structure of DNA in eukaryotes 5.2.1.4. Quaternary structure of DNA 5.2.2. DNA types 5.2.3. Genetic material: chromatin and chromosomes 5.2.3.1. Karyotype and karyogram 5.3. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 5.3.1. RNA types 5.3.1.1. Transfer RNA 5.3.1.2. Messenger RNA 5.3.1.3. Ribosomal RNA 5.3.1.4. Nucleolar RNA 5.3.1.5. Small nuclear RNA 5.3.2. Functions of ribonucleic acids 5.4. Bibliography 6. Cell morphology 6.1. Cell concept 6.1.1. Cell history 6.1.2. Cell theory 6.2. Levels of cellular organization 6.2.1. General characteristics of cells 6.2.2. Prokaryotic cells 6.2.2.1. Prokaryotic cell morphology 6.2.2.2. Structure of prokaryotes 6.2.2.2.1. Bacterial capsule 6.2.2.2.2. Bacterial wall 6.2.2.2.3. Plasma membrane 6.2.2.2.4. Cytoplasm-Ribosomes-Inclusions 6.2.2.2.5. Bacterial DNA 6.2.2.2.6. Bacterial appendages 6.2.2.3. Bacteria Physiology 6.2.3. Eukaryotic cells 6.2.3.1. Animal and plant cell 6.2.3.1.1. Animal eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.1.2. Plant eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.2. Cell Evolution: Endosymbiont Theory 6.3. Size, shape and quantity 6.4. The plasma membrane 6.4.1. Chemical composition of the membrane 6.4.2. The structure of the membrane. The fluid mosaic model 6.4.3. Functions of the plasma membrane 6.4.4. Transport across the membrane 6.4.4.1. Small molecule transport 6.4.4.2. Macromolecule transport 6.4.5. Plasma membrane differentiations 6.5. The cell wall of plant cells 6.5.1. Chemical composition of the cell wall 6.5.2. Cell wall structure 6.5.3. Cell wall differentiations 6.5.4. Cell wall functions 6.6. Extracellular matrix or glucocalyx 6.7. Cytosol or hyaloplasm 6.8. The cytoskeleton 6.8.1. Microfilaments or actin filaments 6.8.2. Intermediate filaments 6.8.3. Microtubules 6.9. Cell membrane and organelle systems 6.9.1. Membrane systems 6.9.1.1. The endoplasmic reticulum 6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus 6.9.2. Cell organelles 6.9.2.1. Lysosomes 6.9.2.2. Peroxisomes 6.9.2.3. Vacuoles 6.9.2.4. Mitochondria 6.9.2.4.1. Functions of the mitochondria 6.9.2.5. Plastids 6.9.2.5.1. Chloroplasts 6.9.2.6. Ribosomes 6.9.2.7. Centrosome 6.9.2.8. Cilia and flagella 6.10. Cell motility 6.11. The cell nucleus 6.11.1. Characteristics of the cell nucleus 6.11.2. The interphase nucleus 6.11.3. The mitotic nucleus or nucleus in division 6.12. Bibliography 7. Metabolism 7.1. Metabolism 7.1.1. Energetic Aspects of Cellular Chemical Reactions 7.2. Catabolism 7.2.1. Catabolism and obtaining energy 7.2.2. Carbohydrate catabolism 7.2.2.1. Glycolysis 7.2.2.2. Cellular respiration 7.2.2.2.1. Oxidative decarboxylation 7.2.2.2.2. Krebs cycle 7.2.2.2.3. Electron transport chain 7.2.2.2.4. Energy balance of cellular respiration 7.2.2.3. Fermentations 7.2.2.3.1. Alcoholic or ethyl fermentation 7.2.2.3.2. Lactic fermentation 7.2.2.3.3. Other types of fermentations 7.3. Anabolism 7.3.1. Autotrophic anabolism 7.3.2. Photosynthesis 7.3.2.1. Photochemical or light phase 7.3.2.1.1. Photosystems 7.3.2.1.2. Photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.1. Non cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.2. Cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.2. Biosynthetic or dark phase 7.3.2.3. Factors influencing photosynthesis 7.3.2.4. Products of photosynthesis 7.3.3. Chemosynthesis 7.4. Bibliography 8. Cell reproduction 8.1. The cell cycle 8.1.1. Interphase 8.1.2. Cellular division 8.2. Cellular division 8.2.1. Mitosis 8.2.1.1. Prophase 8.2.1.2. Metaphase 8.2.1.3. Anaphase 8.2.1.4. Telophase 8.2.1.5. Cytokinesis 8.2.1.6. More on mitosis 8.2.2. Meiosis 8.2.2.1. Meiosis I 8.2.2.2. Meiosis II 8.2.3. Meiosis and sexual reproduction 8.2.4. Meiosis and life cycle 8.2.5. Biological importance of meiosis 8.3. Differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis 8.4. Bibliography 9. Classical genetics 9.1. Genetics basics 9.2. Mendelian genetics 9.2.1. The method 9.2.2. Mendel's Laws 9.2.2.1. Mendel's first law or principle of uniformity in the first generation 9.2.2.2. Mendel's second law or principle of segregation 9.2.2.2.1. Backcross and test crossover 9.2.2.3. Mendel's third law or principle of independent combination 9.3. Gene interaction 9.3.1. Gene interaction between allelic genes 9.3.2. Gene interaction between non-allelic genes that influence for the same trait 9.4. Chromosomal theory of heredity 9.5. Ligation and recombination 9.6. Complex mendelism 9.6.1. Multiple allelism 9.6.1.1. Lethal genes 9.6.2. Pleiotropy 9.6.3. Expressiveness and genetic penetrance 9.7. Sex-linked inheritance 9.7.1. Y-linked inheritance 9.7.2. X-linked inheritance 9.8. Heredity influenced by sex 9.9. Bibliography 10. Molecular genetics 10.1. DNA as hereditary material 10.2. DNA replication 10.2.1. The need for DNA replication 10.2.2. First hypotheses about DNA duplication 10.2.3. Meselson and Stahl experiment 10.2.4. The sense of growth of the new strands 10.2.5. Mechanism of DNA replication 10.2.5.1. Replication in prokaryotes 10.2.5.2. Replication in eukaryotes 10.2.6. Error correction 10.2.7. Enzymes involved in replication 10.3. Gene concept 10.4. "One gene-one enzyme" theory 10.5. Transcription 10.5.1. Mechanism of transcription 10.5.1.1. Transcription in prokaryotes 10.5.1.2. Eukaryotic transcription 10.6. Translation or protein biosynthesis 10.6.1. The genetic code 10.6.2. Mechanism of translation of RNA to proteins 10.6.2.1. Translation in eukaryotes 10.7. Regulation of gene expression 10.8. Bibliography 11. Genetics and evolution 11.1. Mutations 11.2. Types of mutations 11.2.1. Gene or point mutation 11.2.2. Chromosomal or structural mutation 11.2.3. Mutation at the genomic level 11.3. Causes of mutations 11.4. Evolutionary implications of mutations 11.5. Metabolic implications of mutations 11.6. Bibliography 12. Microbiology and biotechnology 12.1. Microbiology 12.2. Viruses 12.2.1. Viral morphology 12.2.2. Viral physiology 12.2.2.1. Lytic cycle 12.2.2.2. Lysogenic cycle 12.2.2.3. Cycles of viruses of special interest 12.2.2.3.1. Flu virus life cycle 12.2.2.3.2. Life cycle of the AIDS virus 12.3. Other acellular forms 12.3.1. Viroids 12.3.2. Prions 12.4. Biotechnology 12.5. Bibliography 13. Immunology 13.1. Infection concept 13.2. Defense mechanisms against infections 13.2.1. Nonspecific mechanisms 13.2.1.1. Primary barriers: external defenses 13.2.1.2. Secondary barriers: internal defenses 13.2.2. Specific mechanisms 13.3. Immunity and immune system 13.3.1. Components of the immune system 13.3.2. Concept and nature of antigens 13.4. The immune response 13.4.1. Humoral immune response: the antibodies 13.4.1.1. Antibody-producing cells: B lymphocytes 13.4.1.2. Antibodies 13.4.1.2.1. Types of antibodies 13.4.1.2.2. Antigen-antibody reaction 13.4.1.3. Immune memory: primary and secondary responses 13.4.2. Cellular immune response: T lymphocytes 13.5. Types of immunity 13.5.1. Natural immunity 13.5.2. Artificial immunity 13.6. Immune system disorders 13.6.1. Autoimmunity 13.6.2. Hypersensitivity 13.6.3. Immunodeficiency 13.6.4. Transplants and the phenomenon of rejections 13.7. Bibliography « Previous \| Next » 8.1.1. Interphase Interphase The interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle, and is the period of time that elapses between two successive mitosis. Although the cell is not dividing, there is great metabolic activity, the cell grows and duplicates its genetic material, preparing for cell division. It consists of three phases G₁ (Gap 1). After the cell has divided, the G₁ phase is a stage of cell growth and duplication of organelles and cytoplasmic structures. In the G₁ phase, as in the rest of the interphase, transcription and translation (protein synthesis) take place. It is the most variable period of the cell cycle. DNA synthesis does not occur In the G₁ phase, the cell has intense biochemical activity, increases its size and duplicates its enzymes, ribosomes, mitochondria and other molecules and cytoplasmic structures. The organelles and membranous structures such as the Golgi apparatus, karyotheca, lysosomes, ... come from the endoplasmic reticulum. Others, such as mitochondria and plastids, will be created from other pre-existing ones. During the G₁ phase, some cells become blocked, stop dividing and enter the G₀ phase, in which they undergo a series of transformations that lead to cell differentiation. The cell specializes and expresses the genes that allow it to develop its activity in a tissue. Cells that are in the G₀ phase for their entire lives are in a state of rest or quiescence. In some cases, such as neurons and red blood cells, they are so specialized that they have lost their ability to divide cells. There is a restriction point (R point) or point of no return, at the end of G₁, in which the cell that has reached this point, has to follow the S, G₂ and M phases. If the cell is of adequate size, has nutrients and reproduction is necessary, it will go into the S phase. If nutrients are lacking or contact inhibition occurs, the cell does not divide and will not enter the S phase. Sometimes a cell escapes the normal controls of cell division and death. When that cell begins to proliferate, reproducing in an uncontrolled way, the pathology of cancer begins. This overgrowth can lead to the formation of a mass of cells called a tumor. If a cancer cell can stay in G₀ phase, without further dividing, it will have achieved a great triumph against cancer. S phase (S of DNA synthesis). After the cell has increased in size by G₁, the cell has to continue preparing for cell division. In this phase, it duplicates its genetic material, so that each daughter cell has an identical copy of the cell's chromosomes (sister chromatids linked by a centromere). In addition to DNA replication, the synthesis of histone proteins and other chromosomal proteins also occurs, which bind to the newly formed DNA. In the S phase, the two centrioles also double. The two centrioles separate and a child centriole grows perpendicular to it. During the synthesis phase, the number of chromosomes does not increase. DNA replicates (duplicates) and each chromosome has two identical chromatids (sister chromatids) so that the chromosomes are double, but the number does not change. G₂ (gap 2)It begins when DNA synthesis ends (S Phase) and ends when DNA condenses and chromosomes appear. The RNA necessary to synthesize the proteins involved in mitosis, such as mitotic spindle tubulin, is transcribed and translated. In this phase, the cell finishes preparing for mitosis. It has twice as much DNA as G₁, so it is ready to divide. If the cell has correctly replicated DNA and the cell size is adequate, the cell will go into M phase. As cells that are in the G₁ phase have half the DNA of those in the G₂ phase, we can know what phase the cell is in, just by knowing the amount of DNA. When the interphase is over, the M stage will begin, where the cells will divide and divide their genetic (mitosis) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) material between the two daughter cells. Then phase G₁ would begin again. During the G₀, G₁, S and G₂ phases, the cell nucleus is called the interphase nucleus, but during the M phase the nucleus disintegrates, and the chromosomes become visible. The number of divisions of a cell is limited, since it is necessary for the correct functioning of the organism. This is called apoptosis or programmed cell death. When it takes about 50 divisions, the cell enters the G₀ phase, in a state of *senescence. Later, programmed cell death or apoptosis* will arrive. The senescence and apoptosis are necessary for the body to function properly. Animation: The cell cycle. Questions that have come out in University entrance exams (Selectividad, EBAU, EvAU) Aragon. June 2007, option A. Question 3 .- (2 points). Answer the following questions: What is a chromosome? How is it related to chromatin? What is the reason for talking about "sister" chromatids? When do sister chromatids form? Is there a situation where sister chromatids can be different? Castilla y León, July 2018, option B, question 2. In relation to the cell cycle: a) At what stage of the cell cycle does the G₂ phase take place? What is the fundamental process that occurs in the G₂ phase? What is the DNA content for a diploid cell in G₂ phase? (0.75) b) Indicate the differences between the different types of chromatin that can be found in interphase. (0.5) c) In what phase of meiosis does chiasm formation and gene recombination take place? State the difference between anaphase I and II of meiosis. (0.5) Madrid, June 2016, option B, question 3. Regarding the cell cycle in an animal cell: a) Explain the variation in the amount of DNA in a somatic cell throughout the cell cycle (1 point). b) Define haploid and diploid cells (0.5 points). c) Explain what the G₀ phase of the cell cycle consists of (0.5 points). Valencian Community, July 2019, option B, block 3, question 6 A cell in interphase (G1 period) has a total content of nuclear DNA of 4 x 10 ^-6 g, distributed in 6 chromatids: a) What will be the DNA content in the G2 stage of its cycle? Reason for the answer; b) How many chromatids will it have in stage G₂? Give reasons for the answer (2 marks). Navarra, June 2020, option A, option A, question 4 A cell spends most of its time in interphase. a) Explain the three stages that can be distinguished in this phase. b) Explain what happens if the cell enters phase G₀ . Fundamental ideas about the interphace The interphace It is the longest stage of the cell cycle. It has three phases: Phase G₁. Cell growth. Organelle duplication. Some enter phase G₀: State of rest or quiescence. Cell differentiation. It does not follow the cell cycle. S phase. DNA synthesis. DNA replication. The two centrioles are duplicated. Phase G₂. The cell prepares for cell division. DNA is transcribed and the proteins necessary to form the mitotic spindle and for cell division are formed. The amount of DNA is 4n. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License 4.0 « Previous \| Next » These pages are semi-automatically translated from the web Biology 2nd Baccalaureate. Biología de 2º de Bachillerato (biologia-geologia.com). 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Interphase