6. Cell morphology

PAU contents

Didactic unit 3. Cell morphology, structure and function

• Interpret the internal structure of a eukaryotic animal and plant cell, and of a prokaryotic cell, both under the light and electron microscope, being able to identify and represent their organelles and describe the function they perform.

The idea is that, when faced with diagrams or microphotographs, students know how to differentiate the prokaryotic structure from the eukaryotic one, qualifying in this second case whether it is a plant or animal cell. Likewise, they will be able to recognize the different organelles and indicate their functions, having an idea of the real size of what is observed.

Topic 3.1. Cell morphology.

Types of cell organization: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3.1.1. Prokaryotes

Exclusively plasmid concept.

3.1.2. Eukaryotes

General scheme of the eukaryotic cell. Differences between eukaryotic plant and animal cell. (Explain the cell wall here).

Cell wall concept and composition (cellulose)

The cell or plasma membrane. Fluid mosaic or Singer-Nicholson model.
Transport through the membrane: Active and passive transport (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion).
Membrane dynamics: concept of endocytosis and exocytosis. (Do not differentiate between types).
The cytoplasm: hyaloplasm (or cytosol) and cytoplasmic organelles.
Cytoplasmic organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles.

It may be asked about the relationship between the different membranous organelles and their differences regarding function.

Recognition of images and diagrams: microscopy images or diagrams may be proposed in which bacterial or eukaryotic cells (exclusively animals and plants) appear, complete or parts thereof recognizable and distinguishable by appreciable characteristics in the image.

BLOCK 2: The living cell. Cell morphology, structure and physiology.
CONTENTS: The cell: unit of structure and function. The influence of technical progress in research processes. From the optical microscope to the electron microscope. Cell morphology. Structure and function of cell organelles. Organization models in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Animal and plant cells. The cell as a complex integrated system: study of cell functions and the structures where they develop. The cell cycle. Cell division. Mitosis in animal and plant cells. Meiosis. Its biological necessity in sexual reproduction. Importance of evolution on living creatures. Membranes and their role in cellular exchanges. Selective permeability. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Introduction to metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Metabolic reactions: energy and regulatory aspects. Cellular respiration, its biological significance. Differences between the aerobic and anaerobic routes. Cellular organelles involved in the respiratory process. Fermentations and their applications Photosynthesis: Cellular location in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Stages of the photosynthetic process. Global balance. Its biological importance. Chemosynthesis.

Crit.BI.2.1. Establish the structural and compositional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. FCTC

Est.BI.2.1.1 Compare a prokaryotic cell with a eukaryotic one, identifying the cytoplasmic organelles present in them.

Crit.BI.2.2. Interpret the structure of an animal and plant eukaryotic cell, being able to identify and represent their organelles and describe the function they perform. FCTC

Est.BI.2.2.1. It schematizes the different cytoplasmic organelles, recognizing their structures and analyzes the relationship between their function and the chemical composition and ultrastructure of said organelles.

Crit BI.2.6. Examine and understand the importance of membranes in the regulation of cellular exchanges for the maintenance of life. FCTC

Est.BI.2.6.1. Compare and distinguish the types and subtypes of transport through membranes, explaining in detail the characteristics of each one of them.

BOE Access to the University. Block 2. The living cell. Cell morphology, structure and physiology.

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Skip navigation Biology 2nd Baccalaureate Biology 2nd Bac. 1. Bioelements and biomolecules. Water and mineral salts 1.1. Chemical bonds in biology 1.1.1. Intramolecular bonds 1.1.1.1. Covalent bond 1.1.1.2. Ionic bond 1.1.2. Intermolecular bonds 1.1.2.1. Van der Waals forces 1.1.2.2. Hydrogen bonds 1.2. The chemical basis of life: inorganic and organic components 1.2.1. Primary bioelements 1.2.2. Secondary bioelements 1.2.3. Trace elements 1.3. The immediate principles or biomolecules 1.3.1. Water 1.3.1.1. Chemical structure of water 1.3.1.2. Properties and functions of water 1.3.2. Mineral salts 1.3.2.1. Functions of salts in solution 1.3.2.2. Colloidal solutions and dispersions 1.3.2.3. Properties of colloidal dispersions 1.3.2.4. Diffusion, osmosis and dialysis 1.3.2.4.1. Diffusion 1.3.2.4.2. Osmosis 1.3.2.4.3. Dialysis 1.4. Bibliography 2. Glucides 2.1. Glucid concept 2.2. Classification of carbohydrates 2.3. Monosaccharides 2.3.1. Trioses 2.3.1.1. Spatial isomerism or stereoisomerism 2.3.2. Tetroses 2.3.3. Pentoses 2.3.3.1. Monosaccharide cyclization 2.3.4. Hexoses 2.4. The N-glucosidic and O-glucosidic bonds 2.4.1. Substances derived from monosaccharides 2.5. Disaccharides 2.6. Polysaccharides 2.6.1. Homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.1. Reserve homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.2. Structural homopolysaccharides 2.6.2. Heteropolysaccharides 2.6.3. Heterosides 2.7. General functions of glucides 2.8. Bibliography 3. Lipids 3.1. Lipid concept 3.2. Classification of lipids 3.2.1. Fatty acids 3.2.1.1. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 3.2.1.2. Chemical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.3. Physical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.4. Fatty Acid Functions 3.2.2. Saponifiable lipids or with fatty acids 3.2.2.1. Simple lipids 3.2.2.1.1. Acylglycerides 3.2.2.1.2. Cerides 3.2.2.2. Complex lipids 3.2.2.2.1. Phospholipids 3.2.2.2.2. Glycolipids 3.2.3. Unsaponifiable lipids or without fatty acids 3.3. Lipid functions 3.4. Bibliography 4. Proteins 4.1. Introduction to proteins 4.2. Amino acids 4.2.1. Classification of amino acids 4.2.2. Properties of amino acids 4.3. The peptide bond 4.4. Protein 4.4.1. Protein structure 4.4.1.1. Primary structure of proteins 4.4.1.2. Secondary structure of proteins 4.4.1.3. Tertiary structure of proteins 4.4.1.4. Quaternary structure of proteins 4.4.2. Protein properties 4.4.3. Classification of proteins 4.4.3.1. Holoproteins 4.4.3.2. Heteroproteins 4.4.4. Protein functions 4.5. Enzymes 4.5.1. Structure of enzymes 4.5.2. The active center of enzymes 4.5.3. General Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 4.5.4. Regulation of enzyme activity 4.5.5. Allosteric enzymes 4.5.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes 4.6. The vitamins 4.6.1. Fat-soluble vitamins 4.6.2. Water soluble vitamins 4.7. Bibliography 5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids 5.1. The chemical composition of nucleic acids 5.1.1. Components of nucleic acids 5.1.2. Concept, types and functions of nucleic acids 5.1.3. Nucleosides 5.1.4. Nucleotides 5.1.4.1. Nucleotide functions 5.1.5. Nucleic acids 5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 5.2.1. DNA structure 5.2.1.1. Primary structure of DNA 5.2.1.2. Secondary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3. Tertiary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3.1. Tertiary structure of DNA in prokaryotes 5.2.1.3.2. Tertiary structure of DNA in eukaryotes 5.2.1.4. Quaternary structure of DNA 5.2.2. DNA types 5.2.3. Genetic material: chromatin and chromosomes 5.2.3.1. Karyotype and karyogram 5.3. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 5.3.1. RNA types 5.3.1.1. Transfer RNA 5.3.1.2. Messenger RNA 5.3.1.3. Ribosomal RNA 5.3.1.4. Nucleolar RNA 5.3.1.5. Small nuclear RNA 5.3.2. Functions of ribonucleic acids 5.4. Bibliography 6. Cell morphology 6.1. Cell concept 6.1.1. Cell history 6.1.2. Cell theory 6.2. Levels of cellular organization 6.2.1. General characteristics of cells 6.2.2. Prokaryotic cells 6.2.2.1. Prokaryotic cell morphology 6.2.2.2. Structure of prokaryotes 6.2.2.2.1. Bacterial capsule 6.2.2.2.2. Bacterial wall 6.2.2.2.3. Plasma membrane 6.2.2.2.4. Cytoplasm-Ribosomes-Inclusions 6.2.2.2.5. Bacterial DNA 6.2.2.2.6. Bacterial appendages 6.2.2.3. Bacteria Physiology 6.2.3. Eukaryotic cells 6.2.3.1. Animal and plant cell 6.2.3.1.1. Animal eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.1.2. Plant eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.2. Cell Evolution: Endosymbiont Theory 6.3. Size, shape and quantity 6.4. The plasma membrane 6.4.1. Chemical composition of the membrane 6.4.2. The structure of the membrane. The fluid mosaic model 6.4.3. Functions of the plasma membrane 6.4.4. Transport across the membrane 6.4.4.1. Small molecule transport 6.4.4.2. Macromolecule transport 6.4.5. Plasma membrane differentiations 6.5. The cell wall of plant cells 6.5.1. Chemical composition of the cell wall 6.5.2. Cell wall structure 6.5.3. Cell wall differentiations 6.5.4. Cell wall functions 6.6. Extracellular matrix or glucocalyx 6.7. Cytosol or hyaloplasm 6.8. The cytoskeleton 6.8.1. Microfilaments or actin filaments 6.8.2. Intermediate filaments 6.8.3. Microtubules 6.9. Cell membrane and organelle systems 6.9.1. Membrane systems 6.9.1.1. The endoplasmic reticulum 6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus 6.9.2. Cell organelles 6.9.2.1. Lysosomes 6.9.2.2. Peroxisomes 6.9.2.3. Vacuoles 6.9.2.4. Mitochondria 6.9.2.4.1. Functions of the mitochondria 6.9.2.5. Plastids 6.9.2.5.1. Chloroplasts 6.9.2.6. Ribosomes 6.9.2.7. Centrosome 6.9.2.8. Cilia and flagella 6.10. Cell motility 6.11. The cell nucleus 6.11.1. Characteristics of the cell nucleus 6.11.2. The interphase nucleus 6.11.3. The mitotic nucleus or nucleus in division 6.12. Bibliography 7. Metabolism 7.1. Metabolism 7.1.1. Energetic Aspects of Cellular Chemical Reactions 7.2. Catabolism 7.2.1. Catabolism and obtaining energy 7.2.2. Carbohydrate catabolism 7.2.2.1. Glycolysis 7.2.2.2. Cellular respiration 7.2.2.2.1. Oxidative decarboxylation 7.2.2.2.2. Krebs cycle 7.2.2.2.3. Electron transport chain 7.2.2.2.4. Energy balance of cellular respiration 7.2.2.3. Fermentations 7.2.2.3.1. Alcoholic or ethyl fermentation 7.2.2.3.2. Lactic fermentation 7.2.2.3.3. Other types of fermentations 7.3. Anabolism 7.3.1. Autotrophic anabolism 7.3.2. Photosynthesis 7.3.2.1. Photochemical or light phase 7.3.2.1.1. Photosystems 7.3.2.1.2. Photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.1. Non cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.2. Cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.2. Biosynthetic or dark phase 7.3.2.3. Factors influencing photosynthesis 7.3.2.4. Products of photosynthesis 7.3.3. Chemosynthesis 7.4. Bibliography 8. Cell reproduction 8.1. The cell cycle 8.1.1. Interphase 8.1.2. Cellular division 8.2. Cellular division 8.2.1. Mitosis 8.2.1.1. Prophase 8.2.1.2. Metaphase 8.2.1.3. Anaphase 8.2.1.4. Telophase 8.2.1.5. Cytokinesis 8.2.1.6. More on mitosis 8.2.2. Meiosis 8.2.2.1. Meiosis I 8.2.2.2. Meiosis II 8.2.3. Meiosis and sexual reproduction 8.2.4. Meiosis and life cycle 8.2.5. Biological importance of meiosis 8.3. Differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis 8.4. Bibliography 9. Classical genetics 9.1. Genetics basics 9.2. Mendelian genetics 9.2.1. The method 9.2.2. Mendel's Laws 9.2.2.1. Mendel's first law or principle of uniformity in the first generation 9.2.2.2. Mendel's second law or principle of segregation 9.2.2.2.1. Backcross and test crossover 9.2.2.3. Mendel's third law or principle of independent combination 9.3. Gene interaction 9.3.1. Gene interaction between allelic genes 9.3.2. Gene interaction between non-allelic genes that influence for the same trait 9.4. Chromosomal theory of heredity 9.5. Ligation and recombination 9.6. Complex mendelism 9.6.1. Multiple allelism 9.6.1.1. Lethal genes 9.6.2. Pleiotropy 9.6.3. Expressiveness and genetic penetrance 9.7. Sex-linked inheritance 9.7.1. Y-linked inheritance 9.7.2. X-linked inheritance 9.8. Heredity influenced by sex 9.9. Bibliography 10. Molecular genetics 10.1. DNA as hereditary material 10.2. DNA replication 10.2.1. The need for DNA replication 10.2.2. First hypotheses about DNA duplication 10.2.3. Meselson and Stahl experiment 10.2.4. The sense of growth of the new strands 10.2.5. Mechanism of DNA replication 10.2.5.1. Replication in prokaryotes 10.2.5.2. Replication in eukaryotes 10.2.6. Error correction 10.2.7. Enzymes involved in replication 10.3. Gene concept 10.4. "One gene-one enzyme" theory 10.5. Transcription 10.5.1. Mechanism of transcription 10.5.1.1. Transcription in prokaryotes 10.5.1.2. Eukaryotic transcription 10.6. Translation or protein biosynthesis 10.6.1. The genetic code 10.6.2. Mechanism of translation of RNA to proteins 10.6.2.1. Translation in eukaryotes 10.7. Regulation of gene expression 10.8. Bibliography 11. Genetics and evolution 11.1. Mutations 11.2. Types of mutations 11.2.1. Gene or point mutation 11.2.2. Chromosomal or structural mutation 11.2.3. Mutation at the genomic level 11.3. Causes of mutations 11.4. Evolutionary implications of mutations 11.5. Metabolic implications of mutations 11.6. Bibliography 12. Microbiology and biotechnology 12.1. Microbiology 12.2. Viruses 12.2.1. Viral morphology 12.2.2. Viral physiology 12.2.2.1. Lytic cycle 12.2.2.2. Lysogenic cycle 12.2.2.3. Cycles of viruses of special interest 12.2.2.3.1. Flu virus life cycle 12.2.2.3.2. Life cycle of the AIDS virus 12.3. Other acellular forms 12.3.1. Viroids 12.3.2. Prions 12.4. Biotechnology 12.5. Bibliography 13. Immunology 13.1. Infection concept 13.2. Defense mechanisms against infections 13.2.1. Nonspecific mechanisms 13.2.1.1. Primary barriers: external defenses 13.2.1.2. Secondary barriers: internal defenses 13.2.2. Specific mechanisms 13.3. Immunity and immune system 13.3.1. Components of the immune system 13.3.2. Concept and nature of antigens 13.4. The immune response 13.4.1. Humoral immune response: the antibodies 13.4.1.1. Antibody-producing cells: B lymphocytes 13.4.1.2. Antibodies 13.4.1.2.1. Types of antibodies 13.4.1.2.2. Antigen-antibody reaction 13.4.1.3. Immune memory: primary and secondary responses 13.4.2. Cellular immune response: T lymphocytes 13.5. Types of immunity 13.5.1. Natural immunity 13.5.2. Artificial immunity 13.6. Immune system disorders 13.6.1. Autoimmunity 13.6.2. Hypersensitivity 13.6.3. Immunodeficiency 13.6.4. Transplants and the phenomenon of rejections 13.7. Bibliography « Previous \| Next » 6. Cell morphology PAU contents Didactic unit 3. Cell morphology, structure and function • Interpret the internal structure of a eukaryotic animal and plant cell, and of a prokaryotic cell, both under the light and electron microscope, being able to identify and represent their organelles and describe the function they perform. The idea is that, when faced with diagrams or microphotographs, students know how to differentiate the prokaryotic structure from the eukaryotic one, qualifying in this second case whether it is a plant or animal cell. Likewise, they will be able to recognize the different organelles and indicate their functions, having an idea of the real size of what is observed. Topic 3.1. Cell morphology. Types of cell organization: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3.1.1. Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cell morphology. Differential characteristics of the prokaryotic cell. Organization of genetic material in bacteria. Plasmids. Exclusively plasmid concept. 3.1.2. Eukaryotes General scheme of the eukaryotic cell. Differences between eukaryotic plant and animal cell. (Explain the cell wall here). Cell wall concept and composition (cellulose) The cell or plasma membrane. Fluid mosaic or Singer-Nicholson model. Transport through the membrane: Active and passive transport (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion). Membrane dynamics: concept of endocytosis and exocytosis. (Do not differentiate between types). The cytoplasm: hyaloplasm (or cytosol) and cytoplasmic organelles. Cytoplasmic organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles. It may be asked about the relationship between the different membranous organelles and their differences regarding function. The nucleus: the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm, nucleoli, chromatin / chromosomes (Unit 2.6). The cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton concept. Centrosome and microtubules in relation to their role in cell division. Recognition of images and diagrams: microscopy images or diagrams may be proposed in which bacterial or eukaryotic cells (exclusively animals and plants) appear, complete or parts thereof recognizable and distinguishable by appreciable characteristics in the image. BLOCK 2: The living cell. Cell morphology, structure and physiology. CONTENTS: The cell: unit of structure and function. The influence of technical progress in research processes. From the optical microscope to the electron microscope. Cell morphology. Structure and function of cell organelles. Organization models in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Animal and plant cells. The cell as a complex integrated system: study of cell functions and the structures where they develop. The cell cycle. Cell division. Mitosis in animal and plant cells. Meiosis. Its biological necessity in sexual reproduction. Importance of evolution on living creatures. Membranes and their role in cellular exchanges. Selective permeability. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Introduction to metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Metabolic reactions: energy and regulatory aspects. Cellular respiration, its biological significance. Differences between the aerobic and anaerobic routes. Cellular organelles involved in the respiratory process. Fermentations and their applications Photosynthesis: Cellular location in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Stages of the photosynthetic process. Global balance. Its biological importance. Chemosynthesis. Crit.BI.2.1. Establish the structural and compositional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. FCTC Est.BI.2.1.1 Compare a prokaryotic cell with a eukaryotic one, identifying the cytoplasmic organelles present in them. Crit.BI.2.2. Interpret the structure of an animal and plant eukaryotic cell, being able to identify and represent their organelles and describe the function they perform. FCTC Est.BI.2.2.1. It schematizes the different cytoplasmic organelles, recognizing their structures and analyzes the relationship between their function and the chemical composition and ultrastructure of said organelles. Crit BI.2.6. Examine and understand the importance of membranes in the regulation of cellular exchanges for the maintenance of life. FCTC Est.BI.2.6.1. Compare and distinguish the types and subtypes of transport through membranes, explaining in detail the characteristics of each one of them. BOE Access to the University. Block 2. The living cell. Cell morphology, structure and physiology. Compare a prokaryotic cell with a eukaryotic, identifying the cytoplasmic organelles. Analyzes the relationship between the chemical composition, structure and ultrastructure of cell organelles and their function. Identify the phases of the cell cycle explaining the main processes that occur in each of them. Recognize in different photomicrographs and diagrams the various phases of mitosis and meiosis, indicating the basic events that occur in each of them. It establishes the most significant analogies and differences between mitosis and meiosis. It summarizes the relationship of meiosis with sexual reproduction, increased genetic variability, and the possibility of species evolution. Define and interpret catabolic and anabolic processes, as well as the energy exchanges associated with them. It locates, at the cellular level and at the organelle level, the place where each of these processes take place, differentiating in each case the main degradation and synthesis routes and the most important enzymes and molecules responsible for these processes. Contrast the aerobic and anaerobic pathways establishing their relationship with their different energy performance. Identify and classify the different types of photosynthetic organisms. It locates at the subcellular level where each of the phases are carried out, highlighting the processes that take place. Assesses the biological role of chemosynthetic organisms. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License 4.0 « Previous \| Next » These pages are semi-automatically translated from the web Biology 2nd Baccalaureate. Biología de 2º de Bachillerato (biologia-geologia.com). You can make any suggestion, question, comment, ..., in our forum 2º Bachillerato Biología - Foro de biologia-geologia.com
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