6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in all eukaryotic cells except red blood cells. It belongs to the endomembrane system. It is made up of structures called dichthyosomes (depending on the type of cell), and these dichthyosomes are made up of about 4 - 8 flattened cisternae (discoidal saccules) surrounded by a membrane that are stacked on top of each other, and whose function is to complete the manufacture. of some proteins. It works as a packing plant, modifying vesicles of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. New membrane material forms in various cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.

The eukaryotic cells possess a Golgi apparatus more or less developed, according to their function. The dictyosomes may have continuity with other components of the endomembrane system, such as the endoplasmic reticulum.

Structure and composition of the Golgi apparatus

The dictyosomes present:

A CIS face, proximal or of formation: it is the most internal, close to the nucleus, and continuation of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, from which it receives the transition vesicles, which are saccules with proteins that have been synthesized in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, introduced into their cavities and transported through the lumen to the outermost part of the reticulum. The contents of the transition vesicles are incorporated into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. New vesicles emerge from each cistern and join the next cistern.

Its shape is convex. Their membranes are thin, with a composition similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes.

An intermediate face or saccules of the central zone, which have the highest metabolic activity. It presents the intermediate or intercisternal vesicles.
A TRANS, distal or maturing face: it is close to the plasma membrane (it looks more like it). Its shape is concave. On the periphery of this face, there are large vesicles called secretory vesicles, which contain the final products inside and which will lead to the plasma membrane to expel them to the external environment (exocytosis) or to form lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes.

Aparato de Golgi

By Kelvinsong (Own work) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Golgi apparatus functions

Protein transport and concentration (formed mainly in the RE). Proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, encompassed in vesicles, bind to the cis region of the dictyosome. Here, if they are not phosphorylated, the proteins undergo phosphorylation. The secreted proteins move from one tank to another, until they reach the tanks located on the trans face of the dictyosome.
Glycosylation of lipids and proteins. The glycosylation that had begun in the ER is completed. In the Golgi apparatus, the assembly of oligosaccharides to lipids and proteins occurs to form glycolipids and glycoproteins , respectively. Glycosaminoglycans are also produced extracellular matrix of animal cells, as well as pectins and hemicellulose of the walls of the cell plant is.
Formation of the fragmoplast in plant cells. The telophasic septum that divides the cytoplasm in the equatorial zone of the plant cell, is produced by the association of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus.
Acrosome formation in sperm. The acrosome derives from the Golgi apparatus. It contains hydrolytic enzymes that serve to digest the components of the ovule coatings during fertilization.
Membrane formation (when the contents of the vesicles are expelled through exocytosis, they bind to the plasma membrane, increasing the surface area).
Formation of lysosomes.
Concentration of substances (carbohydrates, proteins). Collector and transport.

When glycoproteins and glycolipids have been synthesized, they will go to the plasma membrane through the secretory membranes.

The proteins (formed in the RER) and lipids (formed in the REL) are transported to the Golgi apparatus by vesicles transition and there they are passed from saccule in saccule and out through the secretory vesicles transformed into glycolipids and glycoproteins.

The dictyosomes are dynamic structures as sacchules of the Golgi apparatus are constantly renewed by fusion of vesicles of transition from the SR membranes and are transformed sacchules to become secretory vesicles.

Fundamental ideas about the Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is made up of dichthyosomes, each composed of 4-8 flattened membrane-bound cisterns that are stacked on top of each other.

Main function: to complete the manufacture of some proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The structure of the dictyosomes is:

One face CIS, proximal or formation :
- Close to the nucleus, and continuation of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Convex shape.
- It receives the transition vesicles, with proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- The content of the transition vesicles is incorporated into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, from which new vesicles emerge and are incorporated into the next cistern.
An intermediate face or saccules of the central zone, with intermediate or inter-cisternal vesicles.
A TRANS, distal or maturation face:
- Near the plasma membrane.
- Its shape is concave.
- The secretory vesicles exit towards the plasma membrane to expel the products to the external environment (exocytosis) or to form lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes.

Golgi apparatus functions:

Protein transport and concentration (formed mainly in the RE).
Glycosylation of lipids and proteins.
Formation of the fragmoplast in plant cells.
Acrosome formation in sperm.
Membrane formation.
Formation of lysosomes.
Concentration of substances (carbohydrates, proteins).

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1st ESO	3rd ESO	4th ESO	Biology 2nd Baccalaureate
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Skip navigation Biology 2nd Baccalaureate Biology 2nd Bac. 1. Bioelements and biomolecules. Water and mineral salts 1.1. Chemical bonds in biology 1.1.1. Intramolecular bonds 1.1.1.1. Covalent bond 1.1.1.2. Ionic bond 1.1.2. Intermolecular bonds 1.1.2.1. Van der Waals forces 1.1.2.2. Hydrogen bonds 1.2. The chemical basis of life: inorganic and organic components 1.2.1. Primary bioelements 1.2.2. Secondary bioelements 1.2.3. Trace elements 1.3. The immediate principles or biomolecules 1.3.1. Water 1.3.1.1. Chemical structure of water 1.3.1.2. Properties and functions of water 1.3.2. Mineral salts 1.3.2.1. Functions of salts in solution 1.3.2.2. Colloidal solutions and dispersions 1.3.2.3. Properties of colloidal dispersions 1.3.2.4. Diffusion, osmosis and dialysis 1.3.2.4.1. Diffusion 1.3.2.4.2. Osmosis 1.3.2.4.3. Dialysis 1.4. Bibliography 2. Glucides 2.1. Glucid concept 2.2. Classification of carbohydrates 2.3. Monosaccharides 2.3.1. Trioses 2.3.1.1. Spatial isomerism or stereoisomerism 2.3.2. Tetroses 2.3.3. Pentoses 2.3.3.1. Monosaccharide cyclization 2.3.4. Hexoses 2.4. The N-glucosidic and O-glucosidic bonds 2.4.1. Substances derived from monosaccharides 2.5. Disaccharides 2.6. Polysaccharides 2.6.1. Homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.1. Reserve homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.2. Structural homopolysaccharides 2.6.2. Heteropolysaccharides 2.6.3. Heterosides 2.7. General functions of glucides 2.8. Bibliography 3. Lipids 3.1. Lipid concept 3.2. Classification of lipids 3.2.1. Fatty acids 3.2.1.1. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 3.2.1.2. Chemical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.3. Physical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.4. Fatty Acid Functions 3.2.2. Saponifiable lipids or with fatty acids 3.2.2.1. Simple lipids 3.2.2.1.1. Acylglycerides 3.2.2.1.2. Cerides 3.2.2.2. Complex lipids 3.2.2.2.1. Phospholipids 3.2.2.2.2. Glycolipids 3.2.3. Unsaponifiable lipids or without fatty acids 3.3. Lipid functions 3.4. Bibliography 4. Proteins 4.1. Introduction to proteins 4.2. Amino acids 4.2.1. Classification of amino acids 4.2.2. Properties of amino acids 4.3. The peptide bond 4.4. Protein 4.4.1. Protein structure 4.4.1.1. Primary structure of proteins 4.4.1.2. Secondary structure of proteins 4.4.1.3. Tertiary structure of proteins 4.4.1.4. Quaternary structure of proteins 4.4.2. Protein properties 4.4.3. Classification of proteins 4.4.3.1. Holoproteins 4.4.3.2. Heteroproteins 4.4.4. Protein functions 4.5. Enzymes 4.5.1. Structure of enzymes 4.5.2. The active center of enzymes 4.5.3. General Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 4.5.4. Regulation of enzyme activity 4.5.5. Allosteric enzymes 4.5.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes 4.6. The vitamins 4.6.1. Fat-soluble vitamins 4.6.2. Water soluble vitamins 4.7. Bibliography 5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids 5.1. The chemical composition of nucleic acids 5.1.1. Components of nucleic acids 5.1.2. Concept, types and functions of nucleic acids 5.1.3. Nucleosides 5.1.4. Nucleotides 5.1.4.1. Nucleotide functions 5.1.5. Nucleic acids 5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 5.2.1. DNA structure 5.2.1.1. Primary structure of DNA 5.2.1.2. Secondary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3. Tertiary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3.1. Tertiary structure of DNA in prokaryotes 5.2.1.3.2. Tertiary structure of DNA in eukaryotes 5.2.1.4. Quaternary structure of DNA 5.2.2. DNA types 5.2.3. Genetic material: chromatin and chromosomes 5.2.3.1. Karyotype and karyogram 5.3. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 5.3.1. RNA types 5.3.1.1. Transfer RNA 5.3.1.2. Messenger RNA 5.3.1.3. Ribosomal RNA 5.3.1.4. Nucleolar RNA 5.3.1.5. Small nuclear RNA 5.3.2. Functions of ribonucleic acids 5.4. Bibliography 6. Cell morphology 6.1. Cell concept 6.1.1. Cell history 6.1.2. Cell theory 6.2. Levels of cellular organization 6.2.1. General characteristics of cells 6.2.2. Prokaryotic cells 6.2.2.1. Prokaryotic cell morphology 6.2.2.2. Structure of prokaryotes 6.2.2.2.1. Bacterial capsule 6.2.2.2.2. Bacterial wall 6.2.2.2.3. Plasma membrane 6.2.2.2.4. Cytoplasm-Ribosomes-Inclusions 6.2.2.2.5. Bacterial DNA 6.2.2.2.6. Bacterial appendages 6.2.2.3. Bacteria Physiology 6.2.3. Eukaryotic cells 6.2.3.1. Animal and plant cell 6.2.3.1.1. Animal eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.1.2. Plant eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.2. Cell Evolution: Endosymbiont Theory 6.3. Size, shape and quantity 6.4. The plasma membrane 6.4.1. Chemical composition of the membrane 6.4.2. The structure of the membrane. The fluid mosaic model 6.4.3. Functions of the plasma membrane 6.4.4. Transport across the membrane 6.4.4.1. Small molecule transport 6.4.4.2. Macromolecule transport 6.4.5. Plasma membrane differentiations 6.5. The cell wall of plant cells 6.5.1. Chemical composition of the cell wall 6.5.2. Cell wall structure 6.5.3. Cell wall differentiations 6.5.4. Cell wall functions 6.6. Extracellular matrix or glucocalyx 6.7. Cytosol or hyaloplasm 6.8. The cytoskeleton 6.8.1. Microfilaments or actin filaments 6.8.2. Intermediate filaments 6.8.3. Microtubules 6.9. Cell membrane and organelle systems 6.9.1. Membrane systems 6.9.1.1. The endoplasmic reticulum 6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus 6.9.2. Cell organelles 6.9.2.1. Lysosomes 6.9.2.2. Peroxisomes 6.9.2.3. Vacuoles 6.9.2.4. Mitochondria 6.9.2.4.1. Functions of the mitochondria 6.9.2.5. Plastids 6.9.2.5.1. Chloroplasts 6.9.2.6. Ribosomes 6.9.2.7. Centrosome 6.9.2.8. Cilia and flagella 6.10. Cell motility 6.11. The cell nucleus 6.11.1. Characteristics of the cell nucleus 6.11.2. The interphase nucleus 6.11.3. The mitotic nucleus or nucleus in division 6.12. Bibliography 7. Metabolism 7.1. Metabolism 7.1.1. Energetic Aspects of Cellular Chemical Reactions 7.2. Catabolism 7.2.1. Catabolism and obtaining energy 7.2.2. Carbohydrate catabolism 7.2.2.1. Glycolysis 7.2.2.2. Cellular respiration 7.2.2.2.1. Oxidative decarboxylation 7.2.2.2.2. Krebs cycle 7.2.2.2.3. Electron transport chain 7.2.2.2.4. Energy balance of cellular respiration 7.2.2.3. Fermentations 7.2.2.3.1. Alcoholic or ethyl fermentation 7.2.2.3.2. Lactic fermentation 7.2.2.3.3. Other types of fermentations 7.3. Anabolism 7.3.1. Autotrophic anabolism 7.3.2. Photosynthesis 7.3.2.1. Photochemical or light phase 7.3.2.1.1. Photosystems 7.3.2.1.2. Photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.1. Non cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.2. Cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.2. Biosynthetic or dark phase 7.3.2.3. Factors influencing photosynthesis 7.3.2.4. Products of photosynthesis 7.3.3. Chemosynthesis 7.4. Bibliography 8. Cell reproduction 8.1. The cell cycle 8.1.1. Interphase 8.1.2. Cellular division 8.2. Cellular division 8.2.1. Mitosis 8.2.1.1. Prophase 8.2.1.2. Metaphase 8.2.1.3. Anaphase 8.2.1.4. Telophase 8.2.1.5. Cytokinesis 8.2.1.6. More on mitosis 8.2.2. Meiosis 8.2.2.1. Meiosis I 8.2.2.2. Meiosis II 8.2.3. Meiosis and sexual reproduction 8.2.4. Meiosis and life cycle 8.2.5. Biological importance of meiosis 8.3. Differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis 8.4. Bibliography 9. Classical genetics 9.1. Genetics basics 9.2. Mendelian genetics 9.2.1. The method 9.2.2. Mendel's Laws 9.2.2.1. Mendel's first law or principle of uniformity in the first generation 9.2.2.2. Mendel's second law or principle of segregation 9.2.2.2.1. Backcross and test crossover 9.2.2.3. Mendel's third law or principle of independent combination 9.3. Gene interaction 9.3.1. Gene interaction between allelic genes 9.3.2. Gene interaction between non-allelic genes that influence for the same trait 9.4. Chromosomal theory of heredity 9.5. Ligation and recombination 9.6. Complex mendelism 9.6.1. Multiple allelism 9.6.1.1. Lethal genes 9.6.2. Pleiotropy 9.6.3. Expressiveness and genetic penetrance 9.7. Sex-linked inheritance 9.7.1. Y-linked inheritance 9.7.2. X-linked inheritance 9.8. Heredity influenced by sex 9.9. Bibliography 10. Molecular genetics 10.1. DNA as hereditary material 10.2. DNA replication 10.2.1. The need for DNA replication 10.2.2. First hypotheses about DNA duplication 10.2.3. Meselson and Stahl experiment 10.2.4. The sense of growth of the new strands 10.2.5. Mechanism of DNA replication 10.2.5.1. Replication in prokaryotes 10.2.5.2. Replication in eukaryotes 10.2.6. Error correction 10.2.7. Enzymes involved in replication 10.3. Gene concept 10.4. "One gene-one enzyme" theory 10.5. Transcription 10.5.1. Mechanism of transcription 10.5.1.1. Transcription in prokaryotes 10.5.1.2. Eukaryotic transcription 10.6. Translation or protein biosynthesis 10.6.1. The genetic code 10.6.2. Mechanism of translation of RNA to proteins 10.6.2.1. Translation in eukaryotes 10.7. Regulation of gene expression 10.8. Bibliography 11. Genetics and evolution 11.1. Mutations 11.2. Types of mutations 11.2.1. Gene or point mutation 11.2.2. Chromosomal or structural mutation 11.2.3. Mutation at the genomic level 11.3. Causes of mutations 11.4. Evolutionary implications of mutations 11.5. Metabolic implications of mutations 11.6. Bibliography 12. Microbiology and biotechnology 12.1. Microbiology 12.2. Viruses 12.2.1. Viral morphology 12.2.2. Viral physiology 12.2.2.1. Lytic cycle 12.2.2.2. Lysogenic cycle 12.2.2.3. Cycles of viruses of special interest 12.2.2.3.1. Flu virus life cycle 12.2.2.3.2. Life cycle of the AIDS virus 12.3. Other acellular forms 12.3.1. Viroids 12.3.2. Prions 12.4. Biotechnology 12.5. Bibliography 13. Immunology 13.1. Infection concept 13.2. Defense mechanisms against infections 13.2.1. Nonspecific mechanisms 13.2.1.1. Primary barriers: external defenses 13.2.1.2. Secondary barriers: internal defenses 13.2.2. Specific mechanisms 13.3. Immunity and immune system 13.3.1. Components of the immune system 13.3.2. Concept and nature of antigens 13.4. The immune response 13.4.1. Humoral immune response: the antibodies 13.4.1.1. Antibody-producing cells: B lymphocytes 13.4.1.2. Antibodies 13.4.1.2.1. Types of antibodies 13.4.1.2.2. Antigen-antibody reaction 13.4.1.3. Immune memory: primary and secondary responses 13.4.2. Cellular immune response: T lymphocytes 13.5. Types of immunity 13.5.1. Natural immunity 13.5.2. Artificial immunity 13.6. Immune system disorders 13.6.1. Autoimmunity 13.6.2. Hypersensitivity 13.6.3. Immunodeficiency 13.6.4. Transplants and the phenomenon of rejections 13.7. Bibliography « Previous \| Next » 6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in all eukaryotic cells except red blood cells. It belongs to the endomembrane system. It is made up of structures called *dichthyosomes* (depending on the type of cell), and these dichthyosomes are made up of about 4 - 8 flattened cisternae (discoidal saccules) surrounded by a membrane that are stacked on top of each other, and whose function is to complete the manufacture. of some proteins. It works as a packing plant, modifying vesicles of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. New membrane material forms in various cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The eukaryotic cells possess a Golgi apparatus more or less developed, according to their function. The dictyosomes may have continuity with other components of the endomembrane system, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and composition of the Golgi apparatus The dictyosomes present: A *CIS face, proximal or of formation: it is the most internal, close to the nucleus, and continuation of the membranes of the endoplasmic* reticulum, from which it receives the transition vesicles, which are saccules with proteins that have been synthesized in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, introduced into their cavities and transported through the lumen to the outermost part of the reticulum. The contents of the transition vesicles are incorporated into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. New vesicles emerge from each cistern and join the next cistern. Its shape is convex. Their membranes are thin, with a composition similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. An intermediate face or saccules of the central zone, which have the highest metabolic activity. It presents the intermediate or intercisternal vesicles. A *TRANS, distal or maturing face: it is close to the plasma membrane (it looks more like it). Its shape is concave. On the periphery of this face, there are large vesicles called secretory vesicles, which contain the final products inside and which will lead to the plasma membrane to expel them to the external environment (exocytosis)* or to form lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes. By Kelvinsong (Own work) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons Golgi apparatus functions Protein transport and concentration (formed mainly in the RE). Proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, encompassed in vesicles, bind to the cis region of the dictyosome. Here, if they are not phosphorylated, the proteins undergo phosphorylation. The secreted proteins move from one tank to another, until they reach the tanks located on the trans face of the dictyosome. Glycosylation of lipids and proteins. The glycosylation that had begun in the ER is completed. In the Golgi apparatus, the assembly of oligosaccharides to lipids and proteins occurs to form glycolipids and glycoproteins , respectively. Glycosaminoglycans are also produced extracellular matrix of animal cells, as well as pectins and hemicellulose of the walls of the cell plant is. Formation of the fragmoplast in plant cells. The telophasic septum that divides the cytoplasm in the equatorial zone of the plant cell, is produced by the association of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus. Acrosome formation in sperm. The acrosome derives from the Golgi apparatus. It contains hydrolytic enzymes that serve to digest the components of the ovule coatings during fertilization. Membrane formation (when the contents of the vesicles are expelled through exocytosis, they bind to the plasma membrane, increasing the surface area). Formation of lysosomes. Concentration of substances (carbohydrates, proteins). Collector and transport. When glycoproteins and glycolipids have been synthesized, they will go to the plasma membrane through the secretory membranes. The proteins (formed in the RER) and lipids (formed in the REL) are transported to the Golgi apparatus by vesicles transition and there they are passed from saccule in saccule and out through the secretory vesicles transformed into glycolipids and glycoproteins. The dictyosomes are dynamic structures as sacchules of the Golgi apparatus are constantly renewed by fusion of vesicles of transition from the SR membranes and are transformed sacchules to become secretory vesicles. Fundamental ideas about the Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is made up of dichthyosomes, each composed of 4-8 flattened membrane-bound cisterns that are stacked on top of each other. Main function: to complete the manufacture of some proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The structure of the dictyosomes is: One *face CIS, proximal or formation* : Close to the nucleus, and continuation of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Convex shape. It receives the transition vesicles, with proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The content of the transition vesicles is incorporated into the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, from which new vesicles emerge and are incorporated into the next cistern. An *intermediate face or saccules of the central zone, with intermediate or inter-cisternal vesicles. A TRANS, distal or maturation face: Near the plasma membrane. Its shape is concave. The secretory vesicles exit towards the plasma membrane to expel the products to the external environment (exocytosis) or to form lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes. Golgi apparatus functions*: Protein transport and concentration (formed mainly in the RE). Glycosylation of lipids and proteins. Formation of the fragmoplast in plant cells. Acrosome formation in sperm. Membrane formation. Formation of lysosomes. Concentration of substances (carbohydrates, proteins). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License 4.0 « Previous \| Next » These pages are semi-automatically translated from the web Biology 2nd Baccalaureate. Biología de 2º de Bachillerato (biologia-geologia.com). You can make any suggestion, question, comment, ..., in our forum 2º Bachillerato Biología - Foro de biologia-geologia.com
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Golgi apparatus

Structure and composition of the Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus functions