Types of immunity

An organism is immune to a certain antigen when it is capable of canceling it without presenting a pathological reaction. Therefore, the immunity is the ability of the body to resist infection.

There are several types of immunity:

Innate or congenital immunity. Natural immunity provided by nonspecific defense mechanisms (not specific for each pathogen), without immunological memory and present before exposure to antigens. Innate immunity is acquired from birth and is specific to race, species, etc. It cannot recognize pathogens nor does it increase with exposure. Innate immunity is a much faster response than acquired immunity. Innate immunity does not generate immune memory. An example of innate immunity would be the inability of a person to be affected by swine fever or bird flu.
Acquired or adaptive immunity. It is acquired throughout life from contact with the pathogen. It is a slow response and generates immune memory.
- Natural immunity.
  - Active.
  - Passive.
- Artificial immunity.
  - Passive: serum therapy.
  - Active: vaccines.

Questions that have come out in University entrance exams (Selectividad, EBAU, EvAU)

Valencian Community, June 2019, option A, block 4, question 9

Briefly explain the concept and types of natural immunity.

Extremadura, June 2019, option A, question 5

A. Regarding Immunity: meaning of the terms "natural", "artificial", "active" and "passive". Based on them, qualify the type of immunity that usually arises as a consequence of: (1 point).

Having an infection with a pathogen.

Receive a vaccination.

Breastfeeding.

Receive an immune serum.

B. Mutation: concept and classification according to its extension. Explain gene mutations. (1 point)

Valencian Community, July 2019, option B, block 4, question 10

Humans have mechanisms or systems that prevent pathogenic microorganisms from causing infections. Once the microorganism manages to jump the defensive barriers, the immune response is activated. Explain the differences between innate or nonspecific immunity and adaptive, acquired, or specific immunity.

Aragon, June 2021, question 10

10.- GnRH is a protein hormone that the animal begins to produce in large quantities when it is an adult. It is related to sexual development and reproduction. In some animal species, immunocastration is being applied as an alternative to surgical castration, in order to avoid trauma from the operation. To do this, when the animal is very young, a modified dose of GnRH is administered and a few weeks later another booster dose is administered. Thus, when the animal later reaches adulthood and begins to produce its own GnRH, its immune system destroys it, preventing the animal's sexual development. (2 points)

a) Describe what the immune response obtained by administering the first dose and the second dose of modified GnRH will be like and what is called. (0.5 p)
b) What type of immunity is it? (0.2 p)
c) What are the molecules that the immune system produces to neutralize the modified hormone that is administered called? What cells produce them? (0.5 p)
d) If instead of following this strategy, anti-GnRH antibodies were administered when the animal is very young, would we obtain the same effect? Reason for the answer. (0.5 p)
e) In general, what is the name of the strategy proposed in section “d”? What type of immunity is it? (0.3 p)

La Rioja, June 2021, question 19

As in any other infection, the human immune system reacts to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection with different "weapons" and at different stages. There is an innate response (innate immunity) and an acquired one. Explain the main differences between the two types of immunity.

Navarra, June 2021, question 19

a) What is an active immunization?

b) What is a passive immunization?

c) Why is it convenient for some viruses such as influenza to be vaccinated every year?

Asturias, July 2021, question 5B

The Spanish Society of Neurobiology (SEN) estimates that in Spain there could be around 800,000 people with Alzheimer's disease. A new clinical trial is aimed at stopping the development of this disease through a vaccine. This consists of the injection of a fragment of amyloid protein involved in the development of the disease so that the patient's immune system is stimulated by producing its own glycoproteins against said protein.

a. What type of immunity does the text refer to? (Maximum score 0.5 points)
b. In relation to the immune system, what would you call the injected protein fragment? What about glycoproteins? Name the cells that produce the latter. (Maximum score 1.5 points)

Galicia, July 2021, question 8c

There are four types of immunity: natural active, natural passive, artificial active, and artificial passive. Using these terms, indicate to what type of immunity those obtained through vaccination, suffering from a disease, fluid therapy and breastfeeding belong.

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Skip navigation Biology 2nd Baccalaureate Biology 2nd Bac. 1. Bioelements and biomolecules. Water and mineral salts 1.1. Chemical bonds in biology 1.1.1. Intramolecular bonds 1.1.1.1. Covalent bond 1.1.1.2. Ionic bond 1.1.2. Intermolecular bonds 1.1.2.1. Van der Waals forces 1.1.2.2. Hydrogen bonds 1.2. The chemical basis of life: inorganic and organic components 1.2.1. Primary bioelements 1.2.2. Secondary bioelements 1.2.3. Trace elements 1.3. The immediate principles or biomolecules 1.3.1. Water 1.3.1.1. Chemical structure of water 1.3.1.2. Properties and functions of water 1.3.2. Mineral salts 1.3.2.1. Functions of salts in solution 1.3.2.2. Colloidal solutions and dispersions 1.3.2.3. Properties of colloidal dispersions 1.3.2.4. Diffusion, osmosis and dialysis 1.3.2.4.1. Diffusion 1.3.2.4.2. Osmosis 1.3.2.4.3. Dialysis 1.4. Bibliography 2. Glucides 2.1. Glucid concept 2.2. Classification of carbohydrates 2.3. Monosaccharides 2.3.1. Trioses 2.3.1.1. Spatial isomerism or stereoisomerism 2.3.2. Tetroses 2.3.3. Pentoses 2.3.3.1. Monosaccharide cyclization 2.3.4. Hexoses 2.4. The N-glucosidic and O-glucosidic bonds 2.4.1. Substances derived from monosaccharides 2.5. Disaccharides 2.6. Polysaccharides 2.6.1. Homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.1. Reserve homopolysaccharides 2.6.1.2. Structural homopolysaccharides 2.6.2. Heteropolysaccharides 2.6.3. Heterosides 2.7. General functions of glucides 2.8. Bibliography 3. Lipids 3.1. Lipid concept 3.2. Classification of lipids 3.2.1. Fatty acids 3.2.1.1. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 3.2.1.2. Chemical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.3. Physical properties of fatty acids 3.2.1.4. Fatty Acid Functions 3.2.2. Saponifiable lipids or with fatty acids 3.2.2.1. Simple lipids 3.2.2.1.1. Acylglycerides 3.2.2.1.2. Cerides 3.2.2.2. Complex lipids 3.2.2.2.1. Phospholipids 3.2.2.2.2. Glycolipids 3.2.3. Unsaponifiable lipids or without fatty acids 3.3. Lipid functions 3.4. Bibliography 4. Proteins 4.1. Introduction to proteins 4.2. Amino acids 4.2.1. Classification of amino acids 4.2.2. Properties of amino acids 4.3. The peptide bond 4.4. Protein 4.4.1. Protein structure 4.4.1.1. Primary structure of proteins 4.4.1.2. Secondary structure of proteins 4.4.1.3. Tertiary structure of proteins 4.4.1.4. Quaternary structure of proteins 4.4.2. Protein properties 4.4.3. Classification of proteins 4.4.3.1. Holoproteins 4.4.3.2. Heteroproteins 4.4.4. Protein functions 4.5. Enzymes 4.5.1. Structure of enzymes 4.5.2. The active center of enzymes 4.5.3. General Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 4.5.4. Regulation of enzyme activity 4.5.5. Allosteric enzymes 4.5.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes 4.6. The vitamins 4.6.1. Fat-soluble vitamins 4.6.2. Water soluble vitamins 4.7. Bibliography 5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids 5.1. The chemical composition of nucleic acids 5.1.1. Components of nucleic acids 5.1.2. Concept, types and functions of nucleic acids 5.1.3. Nucleosides 5.1.4. Nucleotides 5.1.4.1. Nucleotide functions 5.1.5. Nucleic acids 5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 5.2.1. DNA structure 5.2.1.1. Primary structure of DNA 5.2.1.2. Secondary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3. Tertiary structure of DNA 5.2.1.3.1. Tertiary structure of DNA in prokaryotes 5.2.1.3.2. Tertiary structure of DNA in eukaryotes 5.2.1.4. Quaternary structure of DNA 5.2.2. DNA types 5.2.3. Genetic material: chromatin and chromosomes 5.2.3.1. Karyotype and karyogram 5.3. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 5.3.1. RNA types 5.3.1.1. Transfer RNA 5.3.1.2. Messenger RNA 5.3.1.3. Ribosomal RNA 5.3.1.4. Nucleolar RNA 5.3.1.5. Small nuclear RNA 5.3.2. Functions of ribonucleic acids 5.4. Bibliography 6. Cell morphology 6.1. Cell concept 6.1.1. Cell history 6.1.2. Cell theory 6.2. Levels of cellular organization 6.2.1. General characteristics of cells 6.2.2. Prokaryotic cells 6.2.2.1. Prokaryotic cell morphology 6.2.2.2. Structure of prokaryotes 6.2.2.2.1. Bacterial capsule 6.2.2.2.2. Bacterial wall 6.2.2.2.3. Plasma membrane 6.2.2.2.4. Cytoplasm-Ribosomes-Inclusions 6.2.2.2.5. Bacterial DNA 6.2.2.2.6. Bacterial appendages 6.2.2.3. Bacteria Physiology 6.2.3. Eukaryotic cells 6.2.3.1. Animal and plant cell 6.2.3.1.1. Animal eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.1.2. Plant eukaryotic cell 6.2.3.2. Cell Evolution: Endosymbiont Theory 6.3. Size, shape and quantity 6.4. The plasma membrane 6.4.1. Chemical composition of the membrane 6.4.2. The structure of the membrane. The fluid mosaic model 6.4.3. Functions of the plasma membrane 6.4.4. Transport across the membrane 6.4.4.1. Small molecule transport 6.4.4.2. Macromolecule transport 6.4.5. Plasma membrane differentiations 6.5. The cell wall of plant cells 6.5.1. Chemical composition of the cell wall 6.5.2. Cell wall structure 6.5.3. Cell wall differentiations 6.5.4. Cell wall functions 6.6. Extracellular matrix or glucocalyx 6.7. Cytosol or hyaloplasm 6.8. The cytoskeleton 6.8.1. Microfilaments or actin filaments 6.8.2. Intermediate filaments 6.8.3. Microtubules 6.9. Cell membrane and organelle systems 6.9.1. Membrane systems 6.9.1.1. The endoplasmic reticulum 6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus 6.9.2. Cell organelles 6.9.2.1. Lysosomes 6.9.2.2. Peroxisomes 6.9.2.3. Vacuoles 6.9.2.4. Mitochondria 6.9.2.4.1. Functions of the mitochondria 6.9.2.5. Plastids 6.9.2.5.1. Chloroplasts 6.9.2.6. Ribosomes 6.9.2.7. Centrosome 6.9.2.8. Cilia and flagella 6.10. Cell motility 6.11. The cell nucleus 6.11.1. Characteristics of the cell nucleus 6.11.2. The interphase nucleus 6.11.3. The mitotic nucleus or nucleus in division 6.12. Bibliography 7. Metabolism 7.1. Metabolism 7.1.1. Energetic Aspects of Cellular Chemical Reactions 7.2. Catabolism 7.2.1. Catabolism and obtaining energy 7.2.2. Carbohydrate catabolism 7.2.2.1. Glycolysis 7.2.2.2. Cellular respiration 7.2.2.2.1. Oxidative decarboxylation 7.2.2.2.2. Krebs cycle 7.2.2.2.3. Electron transport chain 7.2.2.2.4. Energy balance of cellular respiration 7.2.2.3. Fermentations 7.2.2.3.1. Alcoholic or ethyl fermentation 7.2.2.3.2. Lactic fermentation 7.2.2.3.3. Other types of fermentations 7.3. Anabolism 7.3.1. Autotrophic anabolism 7.3.2. Photosynthesis 7.3.2.1. Photochemical or light phase 7.3.2.1.1. Photosystems 7.3.2.1.2. Photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.1. Non cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.1.2.2. Cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3.2.2. Biosynthetic or dark phase 7.3.2.3. Factors influencing photosynthesis 7.3.2.4. Products of photosynthesis 7.3.3. Chemosynthesis 7.4. Bibliography 8. Cell reproduction 8.1. The cell cycle 8.1.1. Interphase 8.1.2. Cellular division 8.2. Cellular division 8.2.1. Mitosis 8.2.1.1. Prophase 8.2.1.2. Metaphase 8.2.1.3. Anaphase 8.2.1.4. Telophase 8.2.1.5. Cytokinesis 8.2.1.6. More on mitosis 8.2.2. Meiosis 8.2.2.1. Meiosis I 8.2.2.2. Meiosis II 8.2.3. Meiosis and sexual reproduction 8.2.4. Meiosis and life cycle 8.2.5. Biological importance of meiosis 8.3. Differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis 8.4. Bibliography 9. Classical genetics 9.1. Genetics basics 9.2. Mendelian genetics 9.2.1. The method 9.2.2. Mendel's Laws 9.2.2.1. Mendel's first law or principle of uniformity in the first generation 9.2.2.2. Mendel's second law or principle of segregation 9.2.2.2.1. Backcross and test crossover 9.2.2.3. Mendel's third law or principle of independent combination 9.3. Gene interaction 9.3.1. Gene interaction between allelic genes 9.3.2. Gene interaction between non-allelic genes that influence for the same trait 9.4. Chromosomal theory of heredity 9.5. Ligation and recombination 9.6. Complex mendelism 9.6.1. Multiple allelism 9.6.1.1. Lethal genes 9.6.2. Pleiotropy 9.6.3. Expressiveness and genetic penetrance 9.7. Sex-linked inheritance 9.7.1. Y-linked inheritance 9.7.2. X-linked inheritance 9.8. Heredity influenced by sex 9.9. Bibliography 10. Molecular genetics 10.1. DNA as hereditary material 10.2. DNA replication 10.2.1. The need for DNA replication 10.2.2. First hypotheses about DNA duplication 10.2.3. Meselson and Stahl experiment 10.2.4. The sense of growth of the new strands 10.2.5. Mechanism of DNA replication 10.2.5.1. Replication in prokaryotes 10.2.5.2. Replication in eukaryotes 10.2.6. Error correction 10.2.7. Enzymes involved in replication 10.3. Gene concept 10.4. "One gene-one enzyme" theory 10.5. Transcription 10.5.1. Mechanism of transcription 10.5.1.1. Transcription in prokaryotes 10.5.1.2. Eukaryotic transcription 10.6. Translation or protein biosynthesis 10.6.1. The genetic code 10.6.2. Mechanism of translation of RNA to proteins 10.6.2.1. Translation in eukaryotes 10.7. Regulation of gene expression 10.8. Bibliography 11. Genetics and evolution 11.1. Mutations 11.2. Types of mutations 11.2.1. Gene or point mutation 11.2.2. Chromosomal or structural mutation 11.2.3. Mutation at the genomic level 11.3. Causes of mutations 11.4. Evolutionary implications of mutations 11.5. Metabolic implications of mutations 11.6. Bibliography 12. Microbiology and biotechnology 12.1. Microbiology 12.2. Viruses 12.2.1. Viral morphology 12.2.2. Viral physiology 12.2.2.1. Lytic cycle 12.2.2.2. Lysogenic cycle 12.2.2.3. Cycles of viruses of special interest 12.2.2.3.1. Flu virus life cycle 12.2.2.3.2. Life cycle of the AIDS virus 12.3. Other acellular forms 12.3.1. Viroids 12.3.2. Prions 12.4. Biotechnology 12.5. Bibliography 13. Immunology 13.1. Infection concept 13.2. Defense mechanisms against infections 13.2.1. Nonspecific mechanisms 13.2.1.1. Primary barriers: external defenses 13.2.1.2. Secondary barriers: internal defenses 13.2.2. Specific mechanisms 13.3. Immunity and immune system 13.3.1. Components of the immune system 13.3.2. Concept and nature of antigens 13.4. The immune response 13.4.1. Humoral immune response: the antibodies 13.4.1.1. Antibody-producing cells: B lymphocytes 13.4.1.2. Antibodies 13.4.1.2.1. Types of antibodies 13.4.1.2.2. Antigen-antibody reaction 13.4.1.3. Immune memory: primary and secondary responses 13.4.2. Cellular immune response: T lymphocytes 13.5. Types of immunity 13.5.1. Natural immunity 13.5.2. Artificial immunity 13.6. Immune system disorders 13.6.1. Autoimmunity 13.6.2. Hypersensitivity 13.6.3. Immunodeficiency 13.6.4. Transplants and the phenomenon of rejections 13.7. Bibliography « Previous \| Next » 13.5. Types of immunity Types of immunity An organism is immune to a certain antigen when it is capable of canceling it without presenting a pathological reaction. Therefore, the immunity is the ability of the body to resist infection. There are several types of immunity: Innate or congenital immunity. Natural immunity provided by nonspecific defense mechanisms (not specific for each pathogen), without immunological memory and present before exposure to antigens. Innate immunity is acquired from birth and is specific to race, species, etc. It cannot recognize pathogens nor does it increase with exposure. Innate immunity is a much faster response than acquired immunity. Innate immunity does not generate immune memory. An example of innate immunity would be the inability of a person to be affected by swine fever or bird flu. Acquired or adaptive immunity. It is acquired throughout life from contact with the pathogen. It is a slow response and generates immune memory. Natural immunity. Active. Passive. Artificial immunity. Passive: serum therapy. Active: vaccines. Interactive activity: Types of immunity (test). Questions that have come out in University entrance exams (Selectividad, EBAU, EvAU) Valencian Community, June 2019, option A, block 4, question 9 Briefly explain the concept and types of natural immunity. Extremadura, June 2019, option A, question 5 A. Regarding Immunity: meaning of the terms "natural", "artificial", "active" and "passive". Based on them, qualify the type of immunity that usually arises as a consequence of: (1 point). Having an infection with a pathogen. Receive a vaccination. Breastfeeding. Receive an immune serum. B. Mutation: concept and classification according to its extension. Explain gene mutations. (1 point) Valencian Community, July 2019, option B, block 4, question 10 Humans have mechanisms or systems that prevent pathogenic microorganisms from causing infections. Once the microorganism manages to jump the defensive barriers, the immune response is activated. Explain the differences between innate or nonspecific immunity and adaptive, acquired, or specific immunity. Aragon, June 2021, question 10 10.- GnRH is a protein hormone that the animal begins to produce in large quantities when it is an adult. It is related to sexual development and reproduction. In some animal species, immunocastration is being applied as an alternative to surgical castration, in order to avoid trauma from the operation. To do this, when the animal is very young, a modified dose of GnRH is administered and a few weeks later another booster dose is administered. Thus, when the animal later reaches adulthood and begins to produce its own GnRH, its immune system destroys it, preventing the animal's sexual development. (2 points) a) Describe what the immune response obtained by administering the first dose and the second dose of modified GnRH will be like and what is called. (0.5 p) b) What type of immunity is it? (0.2 p) c) What are the molecules that the immune system produces to neutralize the modified hormone that is administered called? What cells produce them? (0.5 p) d) If instead of following this strategy, anti-GnRH antibodies were administered when the animal is very young, would we obtain the same effect? Reason for the answer. (0.5 p) e) In general, what is the name of the strategy proposed in section “d”? What type of immunity is it? (0.3 p) La Rioja, June 2021, question 19 As in any other infection, the human immune system reacts to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection with different "weapons" and at different stages. There is an innate response (innate immunity) and an acquired one. Explain the main differences between the two types of immunity. Navarra, June 2021, question 19 a) What is an active immunization? b) What is a passive immunization? c) Why is it convenient for some viruses such as influenza to be vaccinated every year? Asturias, July 2021, question 5B The Spanish Society of Neurobiology (SEN) estimates that in Spain there could be around 800,000 people with Alzheimer's disease. A new clinical trial is aimed at stopping the development of this disease through a vaccine. This consists of the injection of a fragment of amyloid protein involved in the development of the disease so that the patient's immune system is stimulated by producing its own glycoproteins against said protein. a. What type of immunity does the text refer to? (Maximum score 0.5 points) b. In relation to the immune system, what would you call the injected protein fragment? What about glycoproteins? Name the cells that produce the latter. (Maximum score 1.5 points) Galicia, July 2021, question 8c There are four types of immunity: natural active, natural passive, artificial active, and artificial passive. Using these terms, indicate to what type of immunity those obtained through vaccination, suffering from a disease, fluid therapy and breastfeeding belong. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License 4.0 « Previous \| Next » These pages are semi-automatically translated from the web Biology 2nd Baccalaureate. Biología de 2º de Bachillerato (biologia-geologia.com). You can make any suggestion, question, comment, ..., in our forum 2º Bachillerato Biología - Foro de biologia-geologia.com
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Types of immunity