Your evaluation will be positive if after this didactic unit you are able to ...

Crit.BG.1.3. Compare the structure of chromosomes and chromatin. FCTC-CAA
- Est.BG.1.3.1. Recognize the parts of a chromosome, build a karyotype.
Crit.BG.1.5. Compare the types and composition of nucleic acids, relating them to their function. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.5.1. Distinguish the different nucleic acids and list their components.
Crit.BG.1.6. Relate DNA replication with the conservation of genetic information and the transcription process. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.6.1. It recognizes the function of DNA as a carrier of genetic information, relating it to the concept of gene and the process of transcription.
Crit.BG.1.7. Understand how genetic information is expressed, using the genetic code. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.7.1. Describes the mechanisms of gene expression through the genetic code.
Crit.BG.1.8. Assess the role of mutations in genetic diversity, understanding the relationship between mutation and evolution. Relate the role of mutations in diseases. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.8.1. Recognize and explain what mutations and their types consist of. As well as its application in known genetic diseases.
Crit.BG.1.12. Identify the techniques of Genetic Engineering: recombinant DNA and PCR. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.12.1. Different working techniques in genetic engineering and their applications.
Crit.BG.1.13. Understand the cloning process. FCTC
- Est.BG.1.13.1. Describes animal cloning techniques, distinguishing between therapeutic and reproductive cloning.
Crit.BG.1.14. Recognize the different applications of Genetic Engineering: GMO (genetically modified organisms), diagnosis and treatment of diseases, etc. FCTC-CCEC
- Est.BG.1.14.1. Analyze the ethical, social and environmental implications of Genetic Engineering.
Crit.BG.1.15. Assess the applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture, livestock, the environment and health. FCTC-CCEC
- Est.BG.1.15.1. It critically interprets the consequences of current advances in the field of biotechnology.

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Skip navigation Biology and Geology 4th ESO Biology and Geology 4º ESO 1. The cell 1.1. Levels of organization of living beings 1.2. Cell theory 1.3. The cell 1.3.1. Prokaryotic cell 1.3.2. Eukaryotic cell 1.3.2.1. Common organelles 1.3.2.2. Organelles of the animal cell 1.3.2.3. Plant cell organelles 1.4. Cell nucleus 1.5. Vital functions of cells 1.6. Cellular cycle 1.6.1. Mitosis 1.6.1.1. Cytokinesis 1.6.2. Meiosis 1.6.2.1. Meiosis I. First meiotic division 1.6.2.2. Meiosis II. Second meiotic division 1.6.2.3. Result of meiosis 1.6.3. Differences between mitosis and meiosis 1.6.4. Biological importance of mitosis and meiosis 1.7. Bibliography 2. Genetic information 2.1. Nucleic acids 2.1.1. DNA 2.1.2. RNA 2.1.3. Control of protein synthesis 2.2. DNA and molecular genetics 2.3. Gene concept 2.4. Replication of DNA 2.5. DNA to RNA transcription 2.6. Genetic code 2.7. Translation of RNA to proteins 2.8. Mutations Relations with evolution 2.9. Biotechnology 2.10. Genetic engineering: techniques and applications 2.10.1. Cloning 2.10.2. Human Genome Project 2.11. Bioethics 2.12. Bibliography 3. Biological inheritance 3.1. The inheritance and transmission of characters 3.2. Introduction and development of Mendel's Laws 3.2.1. Mendel's First Law 3.2.2. Mendel's second law 3.2.3. Mendel's third law 3.3. Chromosomal basis of Mendel's Laws 3.3.1. Exceptions to Mendel's Laws 3.3.2. Chromosomal theory of heredity 3.3.3. Genetics concepts 3.3.4. Types of inheritance 3.4. Human genetics 3.4.1. Inheritance of blood groups 3.4.2. Sex inheritance 3.4.3. Sex-linked inheritance 3.4.4. Heredity influenced by sex 3.5. Genetics problems 3.5.1. Inheritance of a character (problems solved) 3.5.1.1. Albinism (problems solved) 3.5.1.2. Rh groups (problems solved) 3.5.1.3. Eye color (problems solved) 3.5.1.4. More inheritance problems of a character 3.5.1.5. More inheritance problems of a character 3.5.1.6. More inheritance problems of a character 3.5.1.7. More inheritance problems of a character 3.5.2. Two-character inheritance (problems solved) 3.5.2.1. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 2 3.5.2.2. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 3 3.5.2.3. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 4 3.5.2.4. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 5 3.5.3. Codominance and intermediate inheritance (problems solved) 3.5.3.1. More codominance and intermediate inheritance problems 2 3.5.4. Sex-linked inheritance (problems solved) 3.5.4.1. Color blindness or daltonism (problems solved) 3.5.4.1.1. More color blindness problems or daltonism 3.5.4.2. Hemophilia (problems solved) 3.5.4.3. Sex-linked inheritance (two characters) 3.5.4.4. More sex-linked inheritance problems 3.5.5. Sex-influenced inheritance (problems solved) 3.5.6. Multiple alleles (problems solved) 3.5.6.1 AB0 blood groups (problems solved) 3.5.6.1.1. More AB0 blood group problems solved 2 3.5.6.1.2. More AB0 blood group problems solved 3 3.5.7. Genealogical trees 3.5.7.1. Family Trees 2 3.5.7.2. Family Trees 3 3.6. Bibliography 4. Origin and evolution of living beings 4.1. Hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth 4.2. Evolution of living beings 4.3. Theories of evolution 4.3.1. Lamarck 4.3.2. Darwin and Wallace 4.3.3. Neo-Darwinism 4.3.4. Other evolutionary theories 4.4. Evidences of evolution 4.4.1. Anatomical evidence of evolution 4.4.2. Embryological evidence of evolution 4.4.3. Paleontological evidence of evolution 4.4.4. Biogeographic evidence of evolution 4.4.5. Biochemical evidence of evolution 4.5. Mechanisms of evolution 4.5.1. Genetic variability 4.5.2. Natural selection 4.5.3. Consequences of evolution 4.5.3.1. Adaptation of organisms 4.5.3.2. Speciation 4.5.3.3. Species diversification 4.6. Human evolution: process of hominization 4.6.1. Primates 4.6.2. Hominids 4.6.3. The human being 4.7. Bibliography 5. The history of the Earth 5.1. The origin of the Earth 5.2. Earth, a changing planet 5.3. Geological time: historical ideas about the age of the Earth 5.4. Dating methods 5.4.1. Relative dating 5.4.1.1. Geological history exercises - relative dating 5.4.2. Absolute dating 5.5. Fossils 5.5.1. Fossils in Aragon 5.6. Geological history of the Earth 5.6.1. Precambrian 5.6.2. Phanerozoic 5.6.2.1. Paleozoic 5.6.2.2. Mesozoic 5.6.2.3. Cenozoic 5.7. Bibliography 6. Structure and dynamics of the Earth 6.1. Earth study methods 6.1.1. Seismic discontinuities 6.2. Structure and composition of the Earth 6.2.1. Geochemical model 6.2.2. Dynamic model 6.3. Bibliography 7. Plate tectonics 7.1. From continental drift to plate tectonics 7.1.1. Wegener continental drift 7.2. Plate Tectonics and its manifestations 7.2.1. Lithospheric plates 7.2.2. Oceanic ridges 7.2.2.1. Expansion of the ocean floor 7.2.3. Ocean trenches 7.2.4. Transforming faults 7.2.5. Formation of mountain ranges 7.3. The Wilson cycle 7.4. Rock deformation 7.4.1. Folds 7.4.2. Faults 7.4.3. Joints 7.4.4. Mixed structures 7.5. Bibliography 8. Ecosystems 8.1. Ecosystem structure 8.1.1. Types of ecosystems 8.1.1.1. Aquatic ecosystems 8.1.1.2. Terrestrial ecosystems 8.1.1.2.1. Urban ecosystems 8.2. Components of the ecosystem: community and biotope 8.2.1. Biotope 8.2.2. Biocenosis or community 8.3. Habitat and ecological niche 8.4. Limiting factors and adaptations 8.5. Tolerance limit 8.6. Trophic levels 8.7. Trophic relationships: chains and networks 8.8. Ecological pyramids 8.9. Self-regulation of the ecosystem, the population and the community 8.9.1. Intra and interspecific relationships 8.10. Matter cycle and energy flow 8.11. Biogeochemical cycles 8.11.1. Carbon cycle 8.11.2. Nitrogen cycle 8.11.3. Phosphorus cycle 8.12. Ecological successions 8.13. Bibliography 9. Resources and environmental impacts 9.1. Human activity and the environment 9.2. Natural resources and their types 9.3. Environmental impacts 9.3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere 9.3.1.1. Air pollutants 9.3.1.2. Acid rain 9.3.1.3. The smog 9.3.1.4. Ozone layer hole 9.3.1.5. Increased greenhouse effect 9.3.1.6. Climate change 9.3.2. Noise pollution 9.3.3. Light pollution 9.3.4. Water contamination 9.3.4.1. Water pollutants 9.3.4.2. Water eutrophication 9.3.4.3. Aquifer reduction 9.4. Soil 9.4.1. Soil contamination 9.5. Main environmental problems of Aragon 9.6. Overpopulation and its consequences 9.7. Waste and its management 9.8. Bibliography and student work « Previous \| Next » 2. Genetic information Contents that you are going to see in this didactic unit Nucleic acids. DNA and Molecular Genetics. DNA replication process. Gene concept. Expression of genetic information. Genetic code. Mutations Relations with evolution. Genetic Engineering: techniques and applications. Biotechnology. Bioethics. Your evaluation will be positive if after this didactic unit you are able to ... Crit.BG.1.3. Compare the structure of chromosomes and chromatin. FCTC-CAA Est.BG.1.3.1. Recognize the parts of a chromosome, build a karyotype. Crit.BG.1.5. Compare the types and composition of nucleic acids, relating them to their function. FCTC Est.BG.1.5.1. Distinguish the different nucleic acids and list their components. Crit.BG.1.6. Relate DNA replication with the conservation of genetic information and the transcription process. FCTC Est.BG.1.6.1. It recognizes the function of DNA as a carrier of genetic information, relating it to the concept of gene and the process of transcription. Crit.BG.1.7. Understand how genetic information is expressed, using the genetic code. FCTC Est.BG.1.7.1. Describes the mechanisms of gene expression through the genetic code. Crit.BG.1.8. Assess the role of mutations in genetic diversity, understanding the relationship between mutation and evolution. Relate the role of mutations in diseases. FCTC Est.BG.1.8.1. Recognize and explain what mutations and their types consist of. As well as its application in known genetic diseases. Crit.BG.1.12. Identify the techniques of Genetic Engineering: recombinant DNA and PCR. FCTC Est.BG.1.12.1. Different working techniques in genetic engineering and their applications. Crit.BG.1.13. Understand the cloning process. FCTC Est.BG.1.13.1. Describes animal cloning techniques, distinguishing between therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Crit.BG.1.14. Recognize the different applications of Genetic Engineering: GMO (genetically modified organisms), diagnosis and treatment of diseases, etc. FCTC-CCEC Est.BG.1.14.1. Analyze the ethical, social and environmental implications of Genetic Engineering. Crit.BG.1.15. Assess the applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture, livestock, the environment and health. FCTC-CCEC Est.BG.1.15.1. It critically interprets the consequences of current advances in the field of biotechnology. 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